tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-70413782641432894612012-01-01T16:49:12.539-08:00Through the pages of Benjamin Tucker's journalShawn P. Wilburhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16464075094724874400noreply@blogger.comBlogger131100tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7041378264143289461.post-41490790188751645272007-08-06T10:09:00.000-07:002010-01-13T11:56:22.995-08:00<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_9wt_wyN6aMU/RrdW1GYHLrI/AAAAAAAAAJk/YnjcgfJTnio/s1600-h/libertylogo.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5095636973637807794" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; CURSOR: hand" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_9wt_wyN6aMU/RrdW1GYHLrI/AAAAAAAAAJk/YnjcgfJTnio/s320/libertylogo.jpg" border="0" /></a> Welcome to <strong><em>The Liberty Site</em></strong>, an archive of Benjamin R. Tucker's <em>Liberty</em>, which was the most prominent periodical of individualist anarchism in the years 1881-1908, and probably of any period. You can find all 403 issues of <em>Liberty</em> and the 8 issues of the German-language <em>Libertas</em> in pdf form. This is the first stage of a more comprehensive archive, which will eventually feature full-text search capability, extensive indexing and facilities for expansion of the archive and discussion of the material within it. In the meantime, readers are encouraged to make use of Wendy McElroy's excellent <a href="http://tmh.floonet.net/articles/ind_intr.html"><em>Index To Liberty</em></a> as navigational tool.<br /><br />This first-phase scanning effort was the work of <a href="http://www.blogger.com/profile/16464075094724874400">Shawn P. Wilbur</a>, working from <a href="http://users.acenet.com.au/~jzube/">John Zube's</a> microfiche edition of <em>Liberty</em>. For more anarchist and libertarian history, please check out <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.blogspot.com/">In the Libertarian Labyrinth</a> and <a href="http://libertarian-library.blogspot.com/">From the Libertarian Library</a>. For contemporary individualist anarchism, check out the <a href="http://all-left.net/">Alliance of the Libertarian Left</a>.<br /><br /><br /><div align="center"><span style="font-size:180%;"><em>Liberty</em>, 1881-1908</span></div><ul><li>Vol. 1, No. 1 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-01.pdf">1</a> — August 6, 1881</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 2 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-02.pdf">2</a> — August 20, 1881</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 3 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-03.pdf">3</a> — September 3, 1881</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 4 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-04.pdf">4</a> — September 17, 1881</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 5 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-05.pdf">5</a> — October 1, 1881</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 6 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-06.pdf">6</a> — October 15, 1881</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 7 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-07.pdf">7</a> — October 29, 1881</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 8 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-08.pdf">8</a> — November 12, 1881</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 9 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-09.pdf">9</a> — November 26, 1881</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 10 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-10.pdf">10</a> — December 10, 1881</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 11 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-11.pdf">11</a> — December 24, 1881</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 12 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-12.pdf">12</a> — January 7, 1882</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 13 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-13.pdf">13</a> — January 21, 1882</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 14 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-14.pdf">14</a> — February 4, 1882</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 15 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-15.pdf">15</a> — February 18, 1882</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 16 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-16.pdf">16</a> — March 4, 1882</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 17 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-17.pdf">17</a> — March 18, 1882</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 18 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-18.pdf">18</a> — April 1, 1882</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 19 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-19.pdf">19</a> — April 15, 1882</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 20 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-20.pdf">20</a> — May 13, 1882</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 21 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-21.pdf">21</a> — May 27, 1882</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 22 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-22.pdf">22</a> — June 10, 1882</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 23 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-23.pdf">23</a> — June 24, 1882</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 24 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-24.pdf">24</a> — July 22, 1882</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 25 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-25.pdf">25</a> — August 19, 1882</li><li>Vol. 1, No. 26 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/01-26.pdf">26</a> — September 16, 1882</li></ul><ul><li>Vol. 2, No. 1 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-01.pdf">27</a> — October 14, 1882</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 2 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-02.pdf">28</a> — October 28, 1882</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 3 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-03.pdf">29</a> — November 11, 1882</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 4 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-04.pdf">30</a> — November 25, 1882</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 5 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-05.pdf">31</a> — December 9, 1882</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 6 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-06.pdf">32</a> — January 20, 1883</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 7 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-07.pdf">33</a> — February 17, 1883</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 8 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-08.pdf">34</a> — March 17, 1883</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 9 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-09.pdf">35</a> — April 14, 1883</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 10 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-10.pdf">36</a> — May 12, 1883</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 11 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-11.pdf">37</a> — June 9, 1883</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 12 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-12.pdf">38</a> — July 21, 1883</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 13 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-13.pdf">39</a> — August 25, 1883</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 14 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-14.pdf">40</a> — October 6, 1883</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 15 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-15.pdf">41</a> — December 15, 1883</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 16 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-16.pdf">42</a> — May 17, 1884</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 17 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-17.pdf">43</a> — May 31, 1884</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 18 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-18.pdf">44</a> — June 14, 1884</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 19 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-19.pdf">45</a> — June 28, 1884</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 20 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-20.pdf">46</a> — July 12, 1884</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 21 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-21.pdf">47</a> — July 26, 1884</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 22 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-22.pdf">48</a> — August 9, 1884</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 23 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-23.pdf">49</a> — August 23, 1884</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 24 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-24.pdf">50</a> — September 6, 1884</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 25 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-25.pdf">51</a> — September 20, 1884</li><li>Vol. 2, No. 26 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/02-26.pdf">52</a> — October 4, 1884</li></ul><ul><li>Vol. 3, No. 1 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-01.pdf">53</a> — October 25, 1884</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 2 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-02.pdf">54</a> — November 8, 1884</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 3 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-03.pdf">55</a> — November 22, 1884</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 4 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-04.pdf">56</a> — December 13, 1884</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 5 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-05.pdf">57</a> — January 3, 1885</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 6 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-06.pdf">58</a> — January 31, 1885</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 7 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-07.pdf">59</a> — February 28, 1885</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 8 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-08.pdf">60</a> — April 11, 1885</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 9 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-09.pdf">61</a> — April 25, 1885</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 10 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-10.pdf">62</a> — May 23, 1885</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 11 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-11.pdf">63</a> — June 20, 1885</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 12 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-12.pdf">64</a> — July 18, 1885</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 13 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-13.pdf">65</a> — August 15, 1885</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 14 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-14.pdf">66</a> — September 12, 1885</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 15 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-15.pdf">67</a> — October 3, 1885</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 16 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-16.pdf">68</a> — October 24, 1885</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 17 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-17.pdf">69</a> — November 14, 1885</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 18 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-18.pdf">70</a> — November 28, 1885</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 19 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-19.pdf">71</a> — December 12, 1885</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 20 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-20.pdf">72</a> — December 26, 1885</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 21 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-21.pdf">73</a> — January 8, 1886</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 22 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-22.pdf">74</a> — January 23, 1886</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 23 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-23.pdf">75</a> — February 6, 1886</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 24 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-24.pdf">76</a> — February 20, 1886</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 25 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-25.pdf">77</a> — March 6, 1886</li><li>Vol. 3, No. 26 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/03-26.pdf">78</a> — March 27, 1886</li></ul><ul><li>Vol. 4, No. 1 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-01.pdf">79</a> — April 17, 1886</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 2 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-02.pdf">80</a> — May 1, 1886</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 3 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-03.pdf">81</a> — May 22, 1886</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 4 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-04.pdf">82</a> — June 19, 1886</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 5 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-05.pdf">83</a> — July 3, 1886</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 6 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-06.pdf">84</a> — July 17, 1886</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 7 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-07.pdf">85</a> — July 31, 1886</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 8 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-08.pdf">86</a> — August 21, 1886</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 9 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-09.pdf">87</a> — September 18, 1886</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 10 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-10.pdf">88</a> — October 30, 1886</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 11 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-11.pdf">89</a> — November 20, 1886</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 12 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-12.pdf">90</a> — December 11, 1886</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 13 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-13.pdf">91</a> — January 1, 1887</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 14 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-14.pdf">92</a> — January 22, 1887</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 15 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-15.pdf">93</a> — February 12, 1887</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 16 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-16.pdf">94</a> — February 26, 1887</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 17 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-17.pdf">95</a> — March 12, 1887</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 18 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-18.pdf">96</a> — March 26, 1887</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 19 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-19.pdf">97</a> — April 9, 1887</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 20 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-20.pdf">98</a> — April 23, 1887</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 21 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-21.pdf">99</a> — May 7, 1887</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 22 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-22.pdf">100</a> — May 28, 1887</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 23 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-23.pdf">101</a> — June 18, 1887</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 24 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-24.pdf">102</a> — July 2, 1887</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 25 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-25.pdf">103</a> — July 16, 1887</li><li>Vol. 4, No. 26 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/04-26.pdf">104</a> — July 30, 1887</li></ul><ul><li>Vol. 5, No. 1 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-01.pdf">105</a> — August 13, 1887</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 2 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-02.pdf">106</a> — August 27, 1887</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 3 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-03.pdf">107</a> — September 10, 1887</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 4 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-04.pdf">108</a> — September 24, 1887</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 5 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-05.pdf">109</a> — October 8, 1887</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 6 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-06.pdf">110</a> — October 22, 1887</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 7 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-07.pdf">111</a> — November 5, 1887</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 8 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-08.pdf">112</a> — November 19, 1887</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 9 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-09.pdf">113</a> — December 3, 1887</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 10 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-10.pdf">114</a> — December 17, 1887</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 11 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-11.pdf">115</a> — December 31, 1887</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 12 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-12.pdf">116</a> — January 14, 1888</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 13 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-13.pdf">117</a> — January 28, 1888</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 14 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-14.pdf">118</a> — February 11, 1888</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 15 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-15.pdf">119</a> — February 25, 1888</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 16 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-16.pdf">120</a> — March 10, 1888</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 17 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-17.pdf">121</a> — March 24, 1888</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 18 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-18.pdf">122</a> — April 14, 1888</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 19 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-19.pdf">123</a> — April 28, 1888</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 20 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-20.pdf">124</a> — May 12, 1888</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 21 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-21.pdf">125</a> — May 26, 1888</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 22 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-22.pdf">126</a> — June 9, 1888</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 23 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-23.pdf">127</a> — June 13, 1888</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 24 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-24.pdf">128</a> — July 7, 1888</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 25 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-25.pdf">129</a> — July 21, 1888</li><li>Vol. 5, No. 26 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/05-26.pdf">130</a> — August 4, 1888</li></ul><ul><li>Vol. 6, No. 1 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-01.pdf">131</a> — August 18, 1888</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 2 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-02.pdf">132</a> — September 1, 1888</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 3 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-03.pdf">133</a> — September 15, 1888</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 4 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-04.pdf">134</a> — September 29, 1888</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 5 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-05.pdf">135</a> — October 13, 1888</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 6 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-06.pdf">136</a> — October 27, 1888</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 7 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-07.pdf">137</a> — November 10, 1888</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 8 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-08.pdf">138</a> — December 1, 1888</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 9 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-09.pdf">139</a> — December 15, 1888</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 10 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-10.pdf">140</a> — January 5, 1889</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 11 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-11.pdf">141</a> — January 19. 1889</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 12 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-12.pdf">142</a> — February 2, 1889</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 13 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-13.pdf">143</a> — February 23, 1889</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 14 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-14.pdf">144</a> — March 16, 1889</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 15 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-15.pdf">145</a> — May 18, 1889</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 16 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-16.pdf">146</a> — June 8, 1889</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 17 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-17.pdf">147</a> — June 19, 1889</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 18 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-18.pdf">148</a> — July 20, 1889</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 19 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-19.pdf">149</a> — August 10, 1889</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 20 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-20.pdf">150</a> — September 7, 1889</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 21 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-21.pdf">151</a> — October 5, 1889</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 22 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-22.pdf">152</a> — November 23, 1889</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 23 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-23.pdf">153</a> — December 28, 1889</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 24 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-24.pdf">154</a> — January 25, 1890</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 25 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-25.pdf">155</a> — February 15, 1890</li><li>Vol. 6, No. 26 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/06-26.pdf">156</a> — March 8, 1890</li></ul><ul><li>Vol. 7, No. 1 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-01.pdf">157</a> — April 19, 1890</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 2 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-02.pdf">158</a> — May 24, 1890</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 3 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-03.pdf">159</a> — June 7, 1890</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 4 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-04.pdf">160</a> — June 21, 1890</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 5 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-05.pdf">161</a> — June 28, 1890</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 6 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-06.pdf">162</a> — July 12, 1890</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 7 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-07.pdf">163</a> — July 26, 1890</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 8 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-08.pdf">164</a> — August 2, 1890</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 9 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-09.pdf">165</a> — August 16, 1890</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 10 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-10.pdf">166</a> — August 30, 1890</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 11 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-11.pdf">167</a> — September 13, 1890</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 12 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-12.pdf">168</a> — September 27, 1890</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 13 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-13.pdf">169</a> — October 18, 1890</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 14 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-14.pdf">170</a> — November 1, 1890</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 15 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-15.pdf">171</a> — November 15, 1890</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 16 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-16.pdf">172</a> — November 29, 1890</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 17 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-17.pdf">173</a> — December 13, 1890</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 18 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-18.pdf">174</a> — December 27, 1890</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 19 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-19.pdf">175</a> — January 10, 1891</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 20 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-20.pdf">176</a> — January 24, 1891</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 21 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-21.pdf">177</a> — February 7, 1891</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 22 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-22.pdf">178</a> — February 21, 1891</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 23 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-23.pdf">179</a> — March 7, 1891</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 24 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-24.pdf">180</a> — March 21, 1891</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 25 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-25.pdf">181</a> — April 4, 1891</li><li>Vol. 7, No. 26 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/07-26.pdf">182</a> — April 18, 1891</li></ul><ul><li>Vol. 8, No. 1 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-01.pdf">183</a> — May 2, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 2 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-02.pdf">184</a> — May 16, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 3 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-03.pdf">185</a> — May 30, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 4 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-04.pdf">186</a> — June 13, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 5 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-05.pdf">187</a> — June 27, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 6 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-06.pdf">188</a> — July 11, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 7 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-07.pdf">189</a> — July 25, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 8 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-08.pdf">190</a> — August 1, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 9 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-09.pdf">191</a> — August 8, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 10 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-10.pdf">192</a> — August 15, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 11 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-11.pdf">193</a> — August 22, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 12 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-12.pdf">194</a> — August 29, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 13 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-13.pdf">195</a> — September 5, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 14 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-14.pdf">196</a> — September 12, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 15 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-15.pdf">197</a> — September 19, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 16 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-16.pdf">198</a> — September 26, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 17 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-17.pdf">199</a> — October 3, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 18 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-18.pdf">200</a> — October 10, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 19 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-19.pdf">201</a> — October 17, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 20 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-20.pdf">202</a> — October 24, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 21 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-21.pdf">203</a> — October 31, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 22 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-22.pdf">204</a> — November 7, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 23 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-23.pdf">205</a> — November 14 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 24 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-24.pdf">206</a> — November 21, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 25 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-25.pdf">207</a> — November 28, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 26 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-26.pdf">208</a> — December 5, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 27 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-27.pdf">209</a> — December 12, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 28 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-28.pdf">210</a> — December 19, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 29 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-29.pdf">211</a> — December 26, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 30 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-30.pdf">212</a> — January 2, 1891</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 31 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-31.pdf">213</a> — January 9, 1892</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 32 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-32.pdf">214</a> — January 16, 1892</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 33 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-33.pdf">215</a> — January 23, 1892</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 34 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-34.pdf">216</a> — January 30, 1892</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 35 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-35.pdf">217</a> — February 6, 1892</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 36 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-36.pdf">218</a> — February 13, 1892</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 37 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-37.pdf">219</a> — April 30, 1892</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 38 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-38.pdf">220</a> — May 7, 1892</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 39 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-39.pdf">221</a> — May 14, 1892</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 40 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-40.pdf">222</a> — May 21, 1892</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 41 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-41.pdf">223</a> — May 28, 1892</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 42 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-42.pdf">224</a> — June 4, 1892</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 43 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-43.pdf">225</a> — June 11, 1892</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 44 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-44.pdf">226</a> — June 18, 1892</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 45 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-45.pdf">227</a> — June 25, 1892</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 46 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-46.pdf">228</a> — July 2, 1892</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 47 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-47.pdf">229</a> — July 16, 1892</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 48 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-48.pdf">230</a> — July 23, 1892</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 49 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-49.pdf">231</a> — July 30, 1892</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 50 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-50.pdf">232</a> — August 6, 1892</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 51 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-51.pdf">233</a> — August 13, 1892</li><li>Vol. 8, No. 52 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/08-52.pdf">234</a> — August 20, 1892</li></ul><ul><li>Vol. 9, No. 1 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-01.pdf">235</a> — September 3, 1892</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 2 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-02.pdf">236</a> — September 10, 1892</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 3 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-03.pdf">237</a> — September 17, 1892</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 4 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-04.pdf">238</a> — September 24, 1892</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 5 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-05.pdf">239</a> — October 1, 1892</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 6 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-06.pdf">240</a> — October 8, 1892</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 7 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-07.pdf">241</a> — October 15, 1892</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 8 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-08.pdf">242</a> — October 22, 1892</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 9 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-09.pdf">243</a> — October 29, 1892</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 10 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-10.pdf">244</a> — November 5, 1892</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 11 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-11.pdf">245</a> — November 12, 1892</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 12 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-12.pdf">246</a> — November 19, 1892</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 13 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-13.pdf">247</a> — November 26, 1892</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 14 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-14.pdf">248</a> — December 3, 1892</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 15 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-15.pdf">249</a> — December 10, 1892</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 16 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-16.pdf">250</a> — December 17, 1892</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 17 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-17.pdf">251</a> — December 24, 1892</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 18 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-18.pdf">252</a> — December 31, 1892</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 19 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-19.pdf">253</a> — January 7, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 20 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-20.pdf">254</a> — January 14, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 21 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-21.pdf">255</a> — January 21, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 22 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-22.pdf">256</a> — January 28, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 23 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-23.pdf">257</a> — February 4, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 24 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-24.pdf">258</a> — February 11, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 25 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-25.pdf">259</a> — February 18, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 26 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-26.pdf">260</a> — February 25, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 27 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-27.pdf">261</a> — March 4, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 28 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-28.pdf">262</a> — March 11, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 29 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-29.pdf">263</a> — March 18, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 30 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-30.pdf">264</a> — March 25, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 31 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-31.pdf">265</a> — April 1, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 32 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-32.pdf">266</a> — April 8, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 33 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-33.pdf">267</a> — April 15, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 34 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-34.pdf">268</a> — April 22, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 35 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-35.pdf">269</a> — April 29, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 36 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-36.pdf">270</a> — May 6, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 37 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-37.pdf">271</a> — May 13, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 38 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-38.pdf">272</a> — May 20, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 39 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-39.pdf">273</a> — May 27, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 40 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-40.pdf">274</a> — June 3, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 41 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-41.pdf">275</a> — June 10, 1892</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 42 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-42.pdf">276</a> — June 17, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 43 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-43.pdf">277</a> — June 24, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 44 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-44.pdf">278</a> — July 1, 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 45 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-45.pdf">279</a> — August 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 46 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-46.pdf">280</a> — September 1893</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 47 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-47.pdf">281</a> — February 24, 1894</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 48 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-48.pdf">282</a> — March 10, 1894</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 49 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-49.pdf">283</a> — March 24, 1894</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 50 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-50.pdf">284</a> — April 7, 1894</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 51 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-51.pdf">285</a> — April 21, 2894</li><li>Vol. 9, No. 52 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/09-52.pdf">286</a> — May 5, 1894</li></ul><ul><li>Vol. 10, No. 1 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-01.pdf">287</a> — May 19, 1894</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 2 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-02.pdf">288</a> — June 2, 1894</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 3 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-03.pdf">289</a> — June 16, 1894</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 4 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-04.pdf">290</a> — June 30, 1894</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 5 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-05.pdf">291</a> — July 14, 1894</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 6 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-06.pdf">292</a> — July 28, 1894</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 7 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-07.pdf">293</a> — August 11, 1894</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 8 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-08.pdf">294</a> — August 25, 1894</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 9 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-09.pdf">295</a> — September 8, 1894</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 10 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-10.pdf">296</a> — September 22, 1894</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 11 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-11.pdf">297</a> — October 6, 1894</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 12 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-12.pdf">298</a> — October 20, 1894</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 13 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-13.pdf">299</a> — November 3, 1894</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 14 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-14.pdf">300</a> — November 17, 1894</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 15 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-15.pdf">301</a> — December 1, 1894</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 16 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-16.pdf">302</a> — December 15, 1894</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 17 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-17.pdf">303</a> — December 29, 1894</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 18 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-18.pdf">304</a> — January 12, 1895</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 19 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-19.pdf">305</a> — January 26, 1895</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 20 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-20.pdf">306</a> — February 9, 1895</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 21 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-21.pdf">307</a> — February 23, 1895</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 22 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-22.pdf">308</a> — March 9, 1895</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 23 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-23.pdf">309</a> — March 23, 1895</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 24 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-24.pdf">310</a> — April 6, 1895</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 25 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-25.pdf">311</a> — April 20, 1895</li><li>Vol. 10, No. 26 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/10-26.pdf">312</a> — May 4, 1895</li></ul><ul><li>Vol. 11, No. 1 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-01.pdf">313</a> — May 18, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 2 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-02.pdf">314</a> — June 1, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 3 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-03.pdf">315</a> — June 15, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 4 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-04.pdf">316</a> — June 29, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 5 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-05.pdf">317</a> — July 13, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 6 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-06.pdf">318</a> — July 27, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 7 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-07.pdf">319</a> — August 10, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 8 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-08.pdf">320</a> — August 24, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 9 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-09.pdf">321</a> — September 7, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 10 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-10.pdf">322</a> — September 21, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 11 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-11.pdf">323</a> — October 5, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 12 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-12.pdf">324</a> — October 19, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 13 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-13.pdf">325</a> — November 2, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 14 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-14.pdf">326</a> — November 16, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 15 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-15.pdf">327</a> — November 30, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 16 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-16.pdf">328</a> — December 14, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 17 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-17.pdf">329</a> — December 28, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 18 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-18.pdf">330</a> — January 11, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 19 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-19.pdf">331</a> — January 25, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 20 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-20.pdf">332</a> — February 8, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 21 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-21.pdf">333</a> — February 22, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 22 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-22.pdf">334</a> — March 7, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 23 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-23.pdf">335</a> — March 21, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 24 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-24.pdf">336</a> — April 4, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 25 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-25.pdf">337</a> — April 18, 1895</li><li>Vol. 11, No. 26 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/11-26.pdf">338</a> — May 2, 1895</li></ul><ul><li>Vol. 12, No. 1 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/12-01.pdf">339</a> — May 16, 1896</li><li>Vol. 12, No. 2 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/12-02.pdf">340</a> — May 30, 1896</li><li>Vol. 12, No. 3 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/12-03.pdf">341</a> — June 13, 1896</li><li>Vol. 12, No. 4 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/12-04.pdf">342</a> — June 27, 1896</li><li>Vol. 12, No. 5 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/12-05.pdf">343</a> — July 11, 1896</li><li>Vol. 12, No. 6 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/12-06.pdf">344</a> — August 1, 1896</li><li>Vol. 12, No. 7 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/12-07.pdf">345</a> — August 22, 1896</li><li>Vol. 12, No. 8 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/12-08.pdf">346</a> — October, 1896</li><li>Vol. 12, No. 9 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/12-09.pdf">347</a> — November, 1896</li><li>Vol. 12, No. 10 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/12-10.pdf">348</a> — December, 1896</li><li>Vol. 12, No. 11 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/12-11.pdf">349</a> — January, 1897</li><li>Vol. 12, No. 12 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/12-12.pdf">350</a> — February, 1897</li></ul><ul><li>Vol. 13, No. 1 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/13-01.pdf">351</a> — March, 1897</li><li>Vol. 13, No. 2 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/13-02.pdf">352</a> — April, 1897</li><li>Vol. 13, No. 3 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/13-03.pdf">353</a> — May, 1897</li><li>Vol. 13, No. 4 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/13-04.pdf">354</a> — July, 1897</li><li>Vol. 13, No. 5 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/13-05.pdf">355</a> — August, 1897</li><li>Vol. 13, No. 6 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/13-06.pdf">356</a> — October, 1897</li><li>Vol. 13, No. 7 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/13-07.pdf">357</a> — December, 1897</li><li>Vol. 13, No. 8 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/13-08.pdf">358</a> — November, 1898</li><li>Vol. 13, No. 9 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/13-09.pdf">359</a> — January, 1899</li><li>Vol. 13, No. 10 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/13-10.pdf">360</a> — March, 1899</li><li>Vol. 13, No. 11 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/13-11.pdf">361</a> — May, 1899</li><li>Vol. 13, No. 12 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/13-12.pdf">362</a> — July, 1899</li></ul><ul><li>Vol. 14, No. 1 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-01.pdf">363</a> — September, 1889</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 2 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-02.pdf">364</a> — November, 1889</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 3 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-03.pdf">365</a> — December, 1900</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 4 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-04.pdf">366</a> — December, 1902</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 5 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-05.pdf">367</a> — January, 1903</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 6 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-06.pdf">368</a> — February, 1903</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 7 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-07.pdf">369</a> — March, 1903</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 8 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-08.pdf">370</a> — April, 1903</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 9 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-09.pdf">371</a> — May, 1903</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 10 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-10.pdf">372</a> — June, 1903</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 11 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-11.pdf">373</a> — July, 1903</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 12 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-12.pdf">374</a> — August, 1903</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 13 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-13.pdf">375</a> — September, 1903</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 14 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-14.pdf">376</a> — October, 1903</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 15 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-15.pdf">377</a> — November, 1903</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 16 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-16.pdf">378</a> — December, 1903</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 17 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-17.pdf">379</a> — January, 1904</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 18 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-18.pdf">380</a> — February, 1904</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 19 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-19.pdf">381</a> — March, 1904</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 20 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-20.pdf">382</a> — April, 1904</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 21 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-21.pdf">383</a> — June, 1904</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 22 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-22.pdf">384</a> — July, 1904</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 23 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-23.pdf">385</a> — September, 1904</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 24 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-24.pdf">386</a> — December, 1904</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 25 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-25.pdf">387</a> — February, 1905</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 26 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-26.pdf">388</a> — May, 1905</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 27 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-27.pdf">389</a> — August, 1905</li><li>Vol. 14, No. 28 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/14-28.pdf">390</a> — November, 1905</li></ul><ul><li>Vol. 15, No. 1 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/15-01.pdf">391</a> — February, 1906</li><li>Vol. 15, No. 2 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/15-02.pdf">392</a> — April, 1906</li><li>Vol. 15, No. 3 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/15-03.pdf">393</a> — June, 1906</li><li>Vol. 15, No. 4 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/15-04.pdf">394</a> — August, 1906</li><li>Vol. 15, No. 5 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/15-05.pdf">395</a> — October, 1906</li><li>Vol. 15, No. 6 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/15-06.pdf">396</a> — December, 1906</li></ul><ul><li>Vol. 16, No. 1 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/16-01.pdf">397</a> — April, 1907</li><li>Vol. 16, No. 2 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/16-02.pdf">398</a> — May, 1907</li><li>Vol. 16, No. 3 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/16-03.pdf">399</a> — September, 1907</li><li>Vol. 16, No. 4 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/16-04.pdf">400</a> — October, 1907</li><li>Vol. 16, No. 5 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/16-05.pdf">401</a> — November, 1907</li><li>Vol. 16, No. 6 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/16-06.pdf">402</a> — December, 1907</li></ul><ul><li>Vol. 17, No. 1 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/17-01.pdf">403</a> — April, 1908</li></ul><p align="center"><span style="font-size:180%;">Libertas (1888)</span></p><ul><li>Vol. 1, No. 1 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/libertas-01.pdf">1</a> — 17 Maerz 1888<br />Vol. 1, No. 2 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/libertas-02.pdf">2</a> — 7 April 1888<br />Vol. 1, No. 3 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/libertas-03.pdf">3</a> — 21 April 1888<br />Vol. 1, No. 4 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/libertas-04.pdf">4</a> — 5 May 1888<br />Vol. 1, No. 5 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/libertas-05.pdf">5</a> — 19 Mai 1888<br />Vol. 1, No. 6 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/libertas-06.pdf">6</a> — 2 Juni 1888<br />Vol. 1, No. 7 — <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/libertas-07.pdf">7</a> — 30 Juni 1888</li></ul><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7041378264143289461-4149079018875164527?l=travellinginliberty.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Shawn P. Wilburhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16464075094724874400noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7041378264143289461.post-51464721669718468882007-06-24T17:15:00.000-07:002007-06-24T17:20:37.623-07:00Volumes 1-4 of <span style="font-style: italic;">Liberty </span>and 3 of the 8 issues of <span style="font-style: italic;">Libertas </span>are now <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/">available</a> in pdf. The archiving push has brought some offers of assistance. I am hoping to launch a MediaWiki-based site for group discussion and collaborative transcription of the archived material. More news on this, and on indexing for the archive, soon.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7041378264143289461-5146472166971846888?l=travellinginliberty.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Shawn P. Wilburhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16464075094724874400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7041378264143289461.post-1015211219618377252007-06-21T10:59:00.000-07:002007-06-21T11:15:32.963-07:00The lesson here is to take on projects well-adapted to the conditions under which you expect to labor. Now, if only I could get to a place where I could predict those conditions from month to month, or even semester to semester. I've been doing a <em>lot</em> of work on this project, reading, scanning and transcribing material from <em>Liberty</em> and from related sources. I haven't been doing it in a particularly systematic way—until this last week.<br /><br />Some rethinking has obviously been in order, so here's a new, delightfully <em>doable</em> plan for the start of a relaunch here. I have begun to archive Liberty in pdf form, working from John Zube's microfiche edition. I have <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/liberty/">archived</a> the first 65 or so issues already, and am working at a pace that ought to have a complete pdf archive of the first 14 volumes of <em>Liberty</em> together in roughly a month. Volumes 15-17 consist of issues in a format much easier to convert to text, and I have already begun the text-conversion process on those 13 issues. I am also in the process of converting the contents listings in Zube's edition into a more usable form, as the beginnings of an archive index. Getting the basic archive together is really a matter of staying on top of the schedule, and being willing to do the scut work. Pdfs will allow everyone free access to the archive, and the completeness of Zube's edition, which includes the issues of <em>Libertas</em> and some issues not found in the APS Online collection, means an improvement even for those with good academic access. Full-text searching is a ways away, as is the much-needed print reprint, but <em>one step at a time</em>.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7041378264143289461-101521121961837725?l=travellinginliberty.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Shawn P. Wilburhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16464075094724874400noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7041378264143289461.post-2012467988085983622007-03-16T12:35:00.000-07:002007-03-16T12:40:05.325-07:00This project is always slowed down by my desire to make much of the pertinent original material available as I comment on it. Working from microfiche originals makes this process somewhat cumbersome, expensive and time-consuming. Or, it has done so in the past. I've just changed my scanning process somewhat, while working with material from <em>The Twentieth Century</em>, and have been able to at least double my scanning speed in many cases. I hope to get a chance, perhaps even yet this evening, to attempt the same process with some issues of <em>Liberty</em>. Think good thoughts...<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7041378264143289461-201246798808598362?l=travellinginliberty.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Shawn P. Wilburhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16464075094724874400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7041378264143289461.post-7818082820731572892007-01-29T08:09:00.000-08:002008-12-10T08:03:55.424-08:00<span style="font-size:78%;">[Ah, for the settled life of a scholar, where I could tackle my 1.104 issues of <em>Liberty</em> each day, and keep a regular schedule, rather than the constant fire-fighting and scrambling that goes with part-timing. But the show must go on, however fitfully.]</span><br /><br /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_9wt_wyN6aMU/Rb4he8K0o-I/AAAAAAAAAA4/VklsiG6n264/s1600-h/sophieperovskaya.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5025491049623364578" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px 10px; float: right;" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_9wt_wyN6aMU/Rb4he8K0o-I/AAAAAAAAAA4/VklsiG6n264/s400/sophieperovskaya.JPG" border="0" /></a> <div>So what actually appears in the pages of <em>Liberty</em>? The staple, stable source for Tucker's opinions remained, from first to last, the "On Picket Duty" column. From the first issue, of August 6, through the remainder of 1881, this occupied the first two columns on the front page of nearly every issue, while a collection of clippings "About Progressive People," occupied the third column. The two exceptions to this rule are interesting. The very first issue devotes the center column of the front page to a portrait of Sophie Perovskaya, the Russian nihilist martyr, together with a poem by Joaquin Miller. And the ninth issue devotes the entire front page, together with half a column on page four, to a short biography of Michael Bakunine, identified there as "the founder of Russian Nihilism," together with a portrait, which was apparently the object of a long search by Tucker to find an authentic likeness. In that issue, both of the usual front-page features were preempted.<br /><br /><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_9wt_wyN6aMU/Rb4kOsK0pAI/AAAAAAAAABI/cyqhVU2qTkw/s1600-h/bakounine.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5025494068985373698" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left;" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_9wt_wyN6aMU/Rb4kOsK0pAI/AAAAAAAAABI/cyqhVU2qTkw/s400/bakounine.jpg" border="0" /></a> </div><br />The debates that we associate with <em>Liberty</em> start slowly, in part because Tucker dominates the pages of these early issues. The first issue is full of preliminaries, such as this statement:<br /><br /><div align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">Our Purpose </span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"></span> </div><div align="left"><span style="font-size:85%;">LIBERTY enters the field of journalism to speak for herself because she finds no one willing to speak for her. She hears no voice that always champions her; she knows no pen that always writes in her defence; she sees no hand that is always lifted to avenge her wrongs and vindicate her rights. Many claim to speak in her name, but few really understand her. Still fewer have the courage and the opportunity to consistently fight for her. Her battle, then, is her own, to wage and win. She accepts it fearlessly and with a determined spirit.<br /><br />Her foe, Authority, takes many shapes, but, broadly speaking, her enemies divide themselves into three classes: first, those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress, opposing her openly, avowedly, sincerely, consistently, universally; second, those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress, but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests, denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world; third, those who distrust her as a means of progress, believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon, violating, and outraging her. These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity. Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church, and the Russian autocracy; of the second, in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy; of the third, in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of Karl Marx.<br /><br /></span></div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left"><span style="font-size:85%;">Through these forms of authority another line of demarcation runs transversely, separating the divine from the human; or better still, the religious from the secular. Liberty's victory over the former is well-nigh achieved. Last century, Voltaire brought the authority of the supernatural into disrepute. The Church has been declining ever since. Her teeth are drawn, and though she still seems to show here and there vigorous signs of life, she does so in the violence of the death-agony upon her, and soon her power will be felt no more. It is human authority that hereafter is to be dreaded, and the State, its organ, that in the future is to be feared. Those who have lost their faith in gods only to put it in governments; those who have ceased to be Church-worshippers only to become State-worshippers; those who have abandoned pope for king or czar, and priest for president or parliament,—have indeed changed their battle-ground, but are no less the foes of Liberty still. The Church has become an object of derision; the State must be made equally so. The State is said by some to be a “necessary evil”; it must be made unnecessary. This century's battle, then, is with the State: the State, that debases man; the State, that prostitutes woman; the State, that corrupts children; the State that trammels law; the State that stifles thought; the State that monopolizes land, the State that limits credit; the State that restricts exchange; the State that gives idle capital the power of increase, and through interest, rent, profit, and taxes, robs industrious labor of its products.<br /><br />How the State does these things, and how it can be prevented from doing them, Liberty proposes to show in more detail hereafter in the prosecution of her purpose. Enough to say now that monopoly and privilege must be destroyed, opportunity afforded, and competition encouraged. This is Liberty's work, and "Down with Authority" her war-cry.<br /><br /></span></div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left">This is a somewhat different Tucker than we generally think of—one fascinated with the nihilists, taking "pleasure and pride" in presenting their likenesses to the world. "Down with Authority!" is certainly the kind of slogan that Tucker later avoided, or quibbled with. But he is still finding his feet. The remainder of the <a href="http://travellinginliberty.blogspot.com/2006/12/saturday-august-6-1881-vol-1-no-1.html">first issue</a> does contain "Who is the Somebody?," which introduces the anti-monopoly focus and will precipitate the earliest debates. The <a href="http://travellinginliberty.blogspot.com/2007/01/saturday-august-20-1881-vol-1-no-2.html">second issue</a> [more scans to come] is likewise "thin" and heavy on clippings, mixed with commentary on the decline of "free religion." The noteworthy articles include two reports on the International Revolutionary Congress, together with an editorial, "Vive l'Association Internationale!," which refers to William B. Greene's involvement in the IWA, questions the strategy of "propagandism by fact" (propaganda by deed), and takes a wary, but generally enthusiastic approach to the affair. Tucker quotes some of Greene's most mystical notions about the Internationals, from the <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/greene/internationaladdress.pdf"><em>Address of the Internationals</em></a> of which he was the primary author. Tucker was clearly capable of partisan tolerance of such stuff.<br /><br /></div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left"><a href="http://travellinginliberty.blogspot.com/2007/01/saturday-september-3-1881-vol-1-no-3.html">Issue No. 3</a> is where things begin to take off. Besides some response to the assassination of President Garfield and more shots at the free religionists, there are a couple of major statements: "Land and Liberty," which praises the <em>Irish World</em> for its radicalism, but damns it for not being fully anarchist; "Two Kinds of Communism," the first of a series of pieces elaborating the difference between libertarian and authoritarian forms within the broad socialist movement [see Lesigne's "<a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.blogspot.com/2007/01/ernest-lesigne-on-two-socialisms.html">The Two Socialisms</a>" and Tucker's "<a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.blogspot.com/2007/01/armies-that-overlap-tucker-on-anarchism.html">Armies that Overlap</a>"]; and the piece to which the last responds, Wm. Harrison Riley's "Communism versus Commercialism" and W. G. H. Smart's "A Welcome and a Warning." Riley contributed at least one more item to <em>Liberty</em>, and Smart was something of a communist gadfly in <em>most</em> of the periodicals with which Tucker was involved. So we will meet up with both of them again down the road. </div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7041378264143289461-781808282073157289?l=travellinginliberty.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Shawn P. Wilburhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16464075094724874400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7041378264143289461.post-30034310313270949982007-01-14T15:12:00.000-08:002007-01-14T16:09:20.041-08:00By the time he started <em>Liberty</em>, Benjamin R. Tucker had his <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.blogspot.com/2006/07/benjamin-tucker-enters-fray.html">trial by fire</a> as a controversialist in the pages of <em>The Index</em>, where he also <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.blogspot.com/2006/07/stephen-pearl-andrews-vs-benjamin.html">debated Stephen Pearl Andrews</a> about the merits of Proudhon, had edited <em>The Word</em> for Ezra Heywood and <em>The Radical Review</em> for himself. He was obviously reading voraciously, and making (and breaking) connections with radicals of all stripes. Reading <em>Liberty</em> is, in large part, reading the public record of his reading, or his connections and disconnections. By the end of 1881, the first debates are beginning to take off in the letters section of the paper, but the rest is all Tucker: translations, digests of his readings, comments on friends and foes, <em>plumb-line</em> epigrams.<br /><blockquote><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;">Wages is not slavery. Wages is a form of voluntary exchange, and voluntary exchange is a form of Liberty.</span></blockquote><br />Etc. These are the sorts of statements that have gone on to feed a thousand Usenet, blog, and Wikipedia debates, mere <em>quibbles</em> sometimes, certainly pithy and suggestive, but always requiring some real work to figure out exactly what the <em>pith</em> is. One of the reasons for a complete survey of Liberty is to see what all these pithy bits ultimately add up to.<br /><br />More open questions: To what extent was Tucker consciously a controversialist? There are times when he genuinely does not seem to see what his antagonists are driving at, and he just keeps driving, sometime to the detriment of <em>Liberty</em>'s connections with other radicals. In his <em>Reminiscences</em>, Joshua King Ingalls ends his treatment of a debate with Tucker over the merits of mutual banking with these comments:<br /><blockquote><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;">Mr. I. not being a metaphysician or "master of logic," like his opponent, was slow to apprehend the little game, which had been put up on him; "this little campaign of question and answer for the purpose of silencing this gun," which had been annoying Mr. T. so long. . . . But there can be no doubt as to the silence of the gun, so far as the columns of Liberty are concerned. My name has not appeared in its columns, but once for two years, and that only to designate as "nonsense," a little notice I sent it commending Labadie's lecture at Detroit, one word of which, it was not allowed the readers of <em>Liberty</em> to see.</span></blockquote><br />Interestingly, one point which was never addressed, as the debate was never resumed, was a claim made by Ingalls that:<br /><blockquote><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;">Col. W. B. Greene informed me forty-five years since that he was pressed by borrowers to form his mutual bank, but found no lenders, except a few philanthropists who would lend their money without interest anyway, and these he was unwilling to risk sacrificing in an untried experiment.</span></blockquote><br />Tucker considered the claim "extraordinary." In 1895, Tucker, debating Alfred B. Westrup, appealed again to his personal acquaintanceship with Greene, in an attempt to settle a point in the "standard of value" debate. I mention them here because I am not sure, in either case, that Tucker was correct about Greene's thought.<br /><br />Tucker appears to me a paradoxical character, more than a bit fixated on a few principles he considered key, and willing to sacrifice personal connections in philosophical debate. He seems to have been charming and insufferable by turns. That, of course, would make him an almost perfect heir of Proudhon, Greene, and Warren.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7041378264143289461-3003431031327094998?l=travellinginliberty.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Shawn P. Wilburhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16464075094724874400noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7041378264143289461.post-67676083664187588022007-01-14T12:24:00.000-08:002007-01-14T13:55:50.363-08:00At this point, I'm putting together "dummy" issues, with titles for all the major articles, and typing or scanning the bits that I think are most significant. I plan to put random free moments to work filling in the blanks in the early issues, while pushing ahead with the general reading and analysis. If anyone would like to help with the project, let me know and I'll add you to the team.<br /><br />I've read through the issues for 1881 several times now, and am starting to get a feel for <em>Liberty</em>'s beginnings. As I've mentioned <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.blogspot.com/2006/07/benjamin-tucker-enters-fray.html">before</a>, the state of <em>The Index</em> and the "Free Religion" movement generally occupied a good deal of Tucker's attention in those days, as did the consequences of the Garfield assassination. What's apparent in these early issues is that Tucker is in the process of differentiating himself from the socialistic schools that surround him, and distancing himself from the religiously-grounded reformers of an earlier generation. He is also in the midst of a very delicate process of maintaining connections with the mutualists of an earlier generation—Proudhon, Greene, and Warren—while elaborating a "plumb-line" individualism that diverges quite radically in some ways from that earlier mutualism. <em>One of the most interesting questions facing us in the pages of</em> Liberty <em>is to what extent Tucker was able to stay on the tightrope, and to what extent his individualist anarchism was a real break with that of his mentors and influences</em>.<br /><br />A little review may be in order, though I'll be the first to admit that this "review" contains a good deal of interpretation on my part.<br /><br />Proudhon is the <em>well-spring</em>. Tucker gets Proudhon first through William Batchelder Greene, and then straight from the source. We know a good deal about Greene's reading of Proudhon, and we have his own account of their meetings. We know that Greene was in many ways as much a partisan of Pierre Leroux's philosophy as of Proudhon's, and that he adapted his own work as the debates between them played out in the wake of the February Revolution in 1848. In those days, Proudhon was clearly committed to some kind of harmonizing of "communism and property," and, influenced by Leroux's "triad," Greene aimed at a similar harmonization of "communism, socialism, and capitalism." Greene was much more immersed in European political thought than his biographers have generally given him credit for, and we can see the influence of the Saint-Simonians (and ex-Saint-Simonians) nearly everywhere in his work, assuming we know to look for it—nearly everywhere, that is, except in the later mutual banking works, which <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.blogspot.com/2006/01/incredible-shrinking.html">gradually lose</a> the <em>flavor of '48</em>. (As I've previously <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.blogspot.com/2005/11/taking-proudhon-and-controversy-out-of.html">noted</a>, they also lose the explicit criticisms of Proudhon.) Greene's final writings don't seem to differ substantially from his early ones, when it comes to his religious commitments. He was a radical heretic early, and seems to have remained one. The atheistic tendencies of the anarchist movement pained him, and he said so, late in life, in the page of <em>The Word</em>. He also remained involved in his researches on "universal history," based in the works of <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.blogspot.com/2006/07/embarassment-of-riches-or-auguste-ott.html">Auguste Ott</a>, Philippe Buchez, and others. But there are plenty of reasons to believe that these aspects of Greene's thought, however much they had been the underpinning of <em>his</em> understanding of mutualism, simply made little or no impact on his many disciples in the mutual bank propaganda. As <em>egoism</em> became part of the core of the <em>Liberty</em> group's individualism, many of the philosophical ties between generations were pretty thoroughly snapped. What that means in terms of our understanding of "mutualism" as a continuing tradition is a question I have to leave open for now.<br /><br />In any event, Tucker also had his direct encounter with Proudhon, and intended to translate his works in their entirety. It would be interesting to know what combination of financial, ideological and philosophical reasons there were for the very limited amount of Proudhon's work that was actually translated. We're over a century down the road from Tucker's announcement of the Proudhon Library, and there have been very few new additions to the translated works, so there's reason to suspect that the "father of anarchism" has been rather systematically neglected by his own tradition. Perhaps it is not merely <em>cynical</em> of me to think that some of this neglect has come from the fact that "property is theft" has considerable value as a slogan, but that Proudhon's full body of work is <em>demanding</em>, and not always reassuring to any of the ideologies that have been built upon its fragments. My own reading suggests that Proudhon was remarkably consistent in his thinking about economic issues, but that his <em>rhetoric</em> changed considerably over the years, and that the <em>tactics</em> he adopted in dealing with an understanding of "property" as always somewhat "impossible" shifted slightly. I'm still wrestling with Proudhon, working on a number of translations. I can only speculate on how far Tucker pursued his thought, or to what extent his failure to translate more reflected a divergence from that influence. This, too, is one of the open questions we'll return to as we work through <em>Liberty</em>.<br /><br />Josiah Warren was the other obvious influence from the earlier generation. I've quibbled at various times about whether Warren should be considered a "mutualist." He differed quite radically from Proudhon and Greene in his basic philosophy, and professed an opposition to Proudhon's ideas even late in life (again, in the pages of <em>The Word</em>.) But he may, if James J. Martin's sources are correct, have been among the petitioners for a mutual bank in Massachusetts during <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.blogspot.com/2006/04/1850-hotbed-of-mutual-banking.html">the <em>ferment</em> of 1850-1</a>. In many ways, he closely resembled the explicit mutualists. Like them, he was philosophically grounded in the thought of the "utopian" socialists. Warren never seems to have repudiated the philosophy he shared with Robert Owen, however much he eventually dissented from his social schemes. He also continued in the experimental pursuit of <em>anarchism now</em>, a much more practical proponent of statelessness than the "philosophical anarchists" who came after. Greene had attempted to describe actual mutualism in this way:<br /><blockquote>Under the mutual system, each individual will receive the just and exact pay for his work; services equivalent in cost being exchangeable for services equivalent in cost, without profit or discount; and so much as the individual laborer will then get over and above what he has earned will come to him as his share in the general prosperity of the community of which he is an individual member. ("<a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.blogspot.com/2006/04/from-fragments-communism-vs-mutualism.html">Communism vs. Mutualism</a>," originally in <em>The Word</em>.)</blockquote><br />He expected that extention of credit and freeing of markets would accomplish this. Note the way in which a "cost system" (more precisely, for Greene, a <em>cost effect</em>) generates <em>profit </em>as "<em>general prosperty</em>." That's the "mutual" in mutualism, in the realm of economics. For Greene, there was a social-psychological mutualism as well, based in the "doctrine of life" that "life is always objective and subjective." It was, in essence, his recognition of basic "solidarity." But perhaps the two, so tightly bound together in Greene, are ultimately separable, in which case the outcomes of Warren's "cooperation without combination" start to look quite a bit like the "harmonizations" of Proudhon and Greene. Perhaps we can say that, with his philosophy of individualization—"Disconnection, division, individuality the principle of order, harmony, and progress. . ."—he was trying to think himself <em>out</em> of certain "communistic" assumptions that had held sway in New Harmony, while Greene was trying to think himself <em>into</em> humanity, and on much more philosophical terrain. Warren cuts to the chase, and lays down a <em>cost principle</em>. His approach is all practical ethics, grounded in a faith that <em>equitable behavior can compete</em>.<br /><br />Tucker is, perhaps, more like Greene in his personality, but ultimately closer to Warren in his desire to lay down principles.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7041378264143289461-6767608366418758802?l=travellinginliberty.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Shawn P. Wilburhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16464075094724874400noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7041378264143289461.post-29321247389414748252007-01-14T11:09:00.000-08:002007-01-14T12:12:08.875-08:00<div align="center"><a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/blogpics/libertymasthead.jpg"><img style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/blogpics/libertymasthead.jpg" border="0" /></a>Vol. I BOSTON, MASS., SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 3, 1881. No. 3 </div><br /><br /><div align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><em>"For always in thine eyes, O Liberty!</em><br /><em>Shines that high light whereby the world is saved'</em><br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><em>And though thou slay us, we<br />will trust in thee."</em><br />John Hay</span><br /></div><br /><br /><hr /><br /><div align="center">On Picket Duty</div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left"><span style="font-size:85%;">Wages is not slavery. Wages is a form of voluntary exchange, and voluntary exchange is a form of Liberty.</span> </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left">About Progressive People</div><div align="left"> </div><div align="center">Land and Liberty</div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left"><span style="font-size:85%;">Within the last two years the above heading probably has decorated every public bulletin-board in this country and Great Britain. Yet probably it owes prominence to the more accidental alliteration, and has no rational significance in the average mind.</span></div><div align="left"><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">What has land to do with liberty, or liberty with land? Certainly, if political liberty is meant, the Land Leaguers are strangely adrift, for in the very country to-day where savage despotism reigns and liberty is almost unknown, the people possess, occupy, and enjoy the soil with a liberality equaled by no other, while in that country said to have the most liberal, popular, and truly representative constitution on earth, the people are practically cur off from free and equitable enjoyment of the soil. Russia is as far ahead of Great Britain in the matter or popular enjoyment of the land as Great Britain is in advance of Russia in the matter of political liberty. Again, in Switzerland and the United States, both republics, we find in the former a most liberal and equitable distribution of the land, while in the latter land monopoly is scarcely less formidable and vastly more threatening for the future than in Great Britain. The sense in which our friends are prompted to associate land with liberty probably arises from the very natural feeling that, were the land more widely distributed, the tent-tax now levied upon the mass of farmers in Ireland would be lifted from their shoulders, and they would attain to greater liberty through a lessening or removal of its load. A very elementary ideas of liberty this, but logical as far as it goes.</span></div><div align="left"><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">But since the rent-tax is only one form of profit-theft, why <em>land</em> and liberty any more than every other article of commerce, and liberty? For it is by no means certain that land-monopoly is the chief source of profit-theft. It is the original (temporal) source, and a very good basis upon which to attack profit-theft; but it is, after all, only one source. Behind the wide rand of profit-plunder lies the concrete embodiment of the whole iniquity—usury. </span></div><div align="left"><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">The problem, then, upon closer analysis, reduces itself to this affirmation: Destroy usury, and you attain liberty. That greatest of all powers for good now working on this planet for the emancipation of oppressed humanity, the "Irish World," has got so far with the problem. "Usury is theft!" it cries out to 100,000 profit-ridden slaves every week, and it means by usury every species of something-for-nothing-tribute, whether it be in the form of rent, interest, or ordinary profits in the realm of trade.</span></div><div align="left"><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">But the "Irish World," glorious as its work and mission, has yet one more stage in the problem to conquer. Who is responsible for usury? Who sustains it? Who backs it with artillery? Usury, left to its merits as a voluntary social arrangement, could not stand for a day. As Patrick Ford well knows, the insignificant banditti known as landlords, who enslave Ireland, would run for their lives, or sink to their knees like curs whining for mercy, were not a police force of 100,000 men kept at their back against the protest of 5,000,000 people.</span></div><div align="left"><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">The State, then, is the author and defender of usury, as it to-day holds its murderous grasp at the throat of Ireland. And who is the State? The landlords, as the "Irish World" has reiterated a hundred times. Why, then, not abolish the State, and get down to the hard-pan of the whole problem?</span></div><div align="left"><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ah! But here we touch delicate ground. The "Irish World" will never reach that third and last stage of the problem of liberty. It is with a feeling of deep regret that we now indulge in a little plain talk, but duty will not permit us to talk otherwise, if we talk at all, and silence would be a crime against liberty. The moment the "Irish World" attacks the State, it attacks the pope, the bishops, the priests, and the whole tribe of spiritual usurers, who knew their art well before the first temporal landlord was born.</span></div><div align="left"><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Spiritual usurers! Yea, these are the worst abominations in the whole series. "The monopolizing of natural wealth," cries the "Irish World," "is the bottom crime!" But we have natural wealth spiritual and natural wealth temporal. We have landlords spiritual and landlords temporal. Yea, and the landlords spiritual are the creators, abettors, supporters, and defenders of the landlords temporal. The very Christian Go to whom the "Irish World" appeals every week is the Father of usury, and his agents, the ecclesiastics, from the pope down to the pettiest priest who demands an admission-fee at the church-door for the supposed benefit of enjoying the sacraments, are spiritual landlords' bailiffs. These so-called sacraments—what are they but spiritual natural wealth monopolized by these mitred and surpliced thieves, and rented out for profit? If there is any power for good in this world that it pains us to criticize, it is Patrick Ford's great "Industrial Liberator." But a more pitiable plight never fell to the lot of beneficent organ of light and truth. It has reached the second stage of solution in the problem of liberty, but can never get any further so long as it remain the "Irish World" with that phallic symbol, the cross, at the top.</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-size:85%;"></span> </div><div align="left"><span style="font-size:85%;">The State is the immediate supporter and defender of usury. Behind the civil state is the spiritual stat. Both have one common cause, the enslavement of the masses. Behind the whole is God, the author and finisher of usury and every other enslaving device that paves the way for man's inhumanity to man. Liberty aims to abolish them all, and all superstitious reverence for their <em>un</em>holy offices. Liberty alone has mastered the third stage of the problem of emancipation, and proposes to stand upon the logic of it without fear or favor. Come with us, good friends, and then you will not only know what "Land and Liberty" means, but, in solving the whole problem of liberty, all these other good things will be added unto you.</span></div><div align="left"> </div><div align="center">A B-B-Bird with W-W-W-One F-Feather</div><div align="center"> </div><div align="center">Shall We Tease Our Big Papa?</div><div align="left"> </div><div align="center">Two Kinds of Communism.</div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left"><span style="font-size:85%;">We do not believe in communism in the economic sense of the word. To us it seems, for many reasons, an impossible and undesirable form of society. Proudhon described it accurately as well as epigrammatically when he called it the "religion of poverty." But it is not our special business to antagonize the voluntary communism vigorously pictured by W. H. Riley in another column. He, and those of his friends who agree with him, may attempt any associative experiment they please; Liberty will look on with interest and report results.<br /><br />It is compulsory communism of the Bismarckian stamp that we combat. It is the needle-gun socialism of Ferdinand Lassalle that we oppose. Statecraft is our enemy, whether it be that advocated by Jay Gould in the New York "Tribune," or that advocated by our good friend, W. G. H. Smart, in a note printed elsewhere in this journal,—a note, by the way, so good-humored, so straightforward, so utterly void of the circumlocution too frequently characteristic of Mr. Smart's newspaper articles, that we publish it with great pleasure. Space is lacking to meet his points now. Nevertheless, on misapprehension should be corrected immediately. We do not believe that any one can "stand alone." We do wish "social ties and guarantees." We wish all there are. We believe in human solidarity. We believe that the members of society are interdependent. We would preserve these interdependencies untrammelled and inviolate. But we have faith in the sufficiency of natural forces. Motives and good impulses aside, we have no sort of sympathy with those multitudinous groups of so-called socialists, of all colors, stripes, and propensities, with each its little scheme for bursting the bonds by which nature unites us and tying men and women together anew with artificial chains. None of them, whatever they may claim, believe in the unity of the race. All its members, in their opinion, need to be cemented into unity, and for this purpose each has his patent glue. They wish a manufactured solidarity; we are satisfied with the solidarity inherent in the universe. When Mr. Smart has whipped the Universe, "body, soul, and breeches," Liberty too will throw up the sponge.</span></div><div align="left"> </div><div align="center">Pity, but not Praise.</div><div align="center"> </div><div align="center">Communism vs. Commercialism</div><div align="left"><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">The only society in which the rights of individuals will be respected will be a communistic society, in which the partnership will always be voluntary. Where the right to secede is not recognized—in a family, a state, or a federation of states—there exists subjection, slavery. <br /><br />All the frenzied babble about the rights of majorities to govern other than themselves must cease. Between kingcraft and communism there is no logical or permanent abiding-place. The rights of all individuals must be recognized as equal, or, sooner or later, we must submit to the “divine rights of kings”—supreme thieves.<br /><br />Already, in these states, we have an upper ten and an upper ten thousand—virtually ten kings and ten thousand peers of the realm—whose wealth is stolen from the people by the vilest monopolies, usurpations; usuries; and this devilish aristocracy is not despised, but admired. To-day this aristocracy is more powerful and more vicious than that of Britain, and the vox populi is now really less effective in the United States than it is in the United Kingdom.<br /><br />Commercialism is organized discord. Communism is organized harmony. Commercialism is compulsory conflict. Communism is voluntary concert. </span></div><div align="right"><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Wm. Harrison Riley</span></div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left">A Welcome and a Warning.</div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left">Taking Courage</div><div align="left">Names [poem]</div><div align="left">Our European Letter</div><div align="left">The Mistake of American Socialists</div><div align="left">Compliments from Liberty's Friends</div><div align="left">Kicks and Cuffs from Liberty's Foes</div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left"> </div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7041378264143289461-2932124738941474825?l=travellinginliberty.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Shawn P. Wilburhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16464075094724874400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7041378264143289461.post-4209464452223737532007-01-14T10:57:00.000-08:002007-01-14T11:09:47.664-08:00<div align="center"><a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/blogpics/libertymasthead.jpg"><img style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/blogpics/libertymasthead.jpg" border="0" /></a>Vol. I BOSTON, MASS., SATURDAY, AUGUST 20, 1881. No. 2 </div><br /><br /><div align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><em>"For always in thine eyes, O Liberty!</em><br /><em>Shines that high light whereby the world is saved'</em><br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><em>And though thou slay us, we<br />will trust in thee."</em><br />John Hay</span><br /></div><br /><br /><hr /><br /><br /><br /><div align="left">On Picket Duty</div><div align="left">About Progressive People</div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left">Viva L'Association Internationale!</div><div align="left">Rise and Fall of "Free Religion"</div><div align="left">The Root of Despotism</div><div align="left">The Concord School</div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left">The Revolutionary Congress</div><div align="left">Crumbs from Liberty's Table</div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7041378264143289461-420946445222373753?l=travellinginliberty.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Shawn P. Wilburhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16464075094724874400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7041378264143289461.post-8368676510277250302007-01-04T13:59:00.000-08:002007-01-04T14:05:59.803-08:00Am I behind yet? I'm wrestling with the best approach to these early issues, and to the archiving end of things in general. It may be that I end up creating <em>pdf</em> files of some of these early issues that are useful to read in their entirety, just to get a sense of the jumping-off place for this expedition, but which aren't all that exciting in comparison to later periods of <em>Liberty</em>. In any event, my scanning and posting chores are not always going to line up neatly, as other projects, such as <a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.blogspot.com/2006/12/new-libertatia-lab-reports.html">the new Lab Reports</a>, cause me to focus on later issues. Right now, I'm in the midst of finishing up with Joshua King Ingalls' contributions, which will come in handy later.<br /><br />Expect more regular posting starting next week.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7041378264143289461-836867651027725030?l=travellinginliberty.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Shawn P. Wilburhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16464075094724874400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7041378264143289461.post-23629703895441621322006-12-21T13:09:00.000-08:002007-03-16T18:05:36.244-07:00<a href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/blogpics/libertymasthead.jpg"><img style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/blogpics/libertymasthead.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div align="center">Vol. I BOSTON, MASS., SATURDAY, AUGUST 6, 1881. No. 1</div><br /><br /><div align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><em>"For always in thine eyes, O Liberty!</em><br /><em>Shines that high light whereby the world is saved'</em><br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><em>And though thou slay us, we<br />will trust in thee."</em><br />John Hay</span><br /></div><br /><br /><hr /><br /><br /><br /><div align="center">On Picket Duty</div><div align="left"></div><div align="left"><span style="font-size:85%;">Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, these three; but the greatest of these is Liberty</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-size:85%;">Formerly the price of Liberty was eternal vigilance, but now it can be had for fifty cents a year.</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-size:85%;">Individuals on becoming adults gain their freedom. Are nations never to attain their majority?</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-size:85%;">The effect of one-half of our laws is to make criminals; the purpose of the other half is to punish them.</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-size:85%;">Holding a monopoly, the banker is the worst enemy of the human race, being its chief despoiler; without that monopoly, he is its best friend, being its greatest civilizer.</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-size:85%;">. . .</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-size:85%;">It may be well to state at the outset that this journal will be edited to suit its editor, not its readers. He hopes that what suits him will suit them; but, if not, it will make no difference. No subscriber, or body of subscribers, will be allowed to govern his course, dictate his policy, or prescribe his methods. Liberty is published for the very definite purpose of spreading certain ideas, and no claim will be admitted, on any pretext of freedom of speech, to waste its limited space in hindering the attainment of that object. We are not afraid of discussion, and shall do what we can to make room for short, serious, and well-considered objections to our views. But propagandism through the press is an expensive luxury, and it costs us too much to strike the many blows we have to give to warrant us furnishing our opponents the hard-earned facilities of returing them.</span></div><div align="left"></div><div align="left">Joaquin Miller, "Sophie Perovskaya, Liberty's Martyred Heroine" [poem]</div><div align="left">About Pregressive People</div><br /><br /><hr /><br /><br /><br /><div align="left"></div><div align="left"></div><div align="center"><em><span style="font-size:180%;">Liberty</span></em></div><div align="center"></div><div align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">Issued Fortnightly at Fifty Cents a Year; Single Copies, Two Cents</span></div><div align="center"></div><div align="center"></div><div align="center">BENJ. R. TUCKER, Editor and Publisher</div><div align="center"></div><div align="center"></div><div align="center"></div><div align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">Office of Publication, 18 P. O. Square</span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">Post Office Address: LIBERTY, P. O. Box No. 3366, Boston, Mass.</span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></div><div align="center"></div><div align="center"></div><div align="center"><em>Entered as Second Class Mail Matter</em></div><div align="center"><em></em></div><div align="center"></div><div align="center"></div><div align="center">BOSTON, MASS., AUGUST 6, 1881.</div><div align="center"></div><div align="center"></div><div align="center"></div><div align="center"><em>"A free man is one who enjoys the use of his reason, and his faculties; who is neither blinded by passion, nor hindered or driven by oppression, nor deceived by erroneous opinions."—</em>Proudhon.</div><div align="left"></div><div align="left"></div><br /><br /><hr /><br /><br /><br /><div align="left">Our Purpose.</div><div align="left">No Substitutes for the Ghosts.</div><div align="left">The Anatomy of Liberty.</div><br /><br /><hr /><br /><br /><br /><div align="center"><strong>Who Is the Somebody?</strong></div><div align="left"><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">"Somebody gets the surplus wealth that Labor produces and does not consume. Who is the Somebody?" Such is the problem recently posited in the editorial columns of the "New York Truth." Substantially the same question has been asked a great many times before, but, as might have been expected, this new form of putting it has created no small hubbub. ''Truth's" columns are full of it; other journals are taking it up; clubs are organizing to discuss it; the people are thinking about it; students are pondering over it. For it is a most momentous question. A correct answer to it is unquestionably the first step in the settlement of the appalling problems of poverty, intemperance, ignorance, and crime. "Truth," in selecting it as a subject on which to harp and hammer—from day to day, shows itself a level-headed, far-sighted newspaper. But, important as it is, it is by no means a difficult question to one who really considers it before giving an answer, though the variety and absurdity of nearly all the replies thus far volunteered certainly tend to give an opposite impression.<br /><br />What are the ways by which men gain possession of property? Not many. Let us name them: work, gift, discovery, gaming, the various forms of illegal robbery by force or fraud, usury. Can men obtain wealth by any other than one or more of these methods? Clearly, no. Whoever the Somebody may be, then, he must accumulate his riches in one of these ways. We will find him by the process of elimination.<br /><br />Is the Somebody the laborer? No; at least not as laborer; otherwise the question were absurd. Its premises exclude him. He gains a bare subsistence by his work; no more. We are searching for his surplus product. He has it not<br /><br />Is the Somebody the beggar, the invalid, the cripple, the discoverer, the gambler, the highway robber, the burglar, the defaulter, the pickpocket, or the common swindler. None of these, to any extent worth mentioning. The aggregate of wealth absorbed by these classes of our population compared with the vast mass produced is a mere drop in the ocean, unworthy of consideration in studying a fundamental problem of political economy: These people get some wealth, it is true; enough, probably, for their own purposes: but labor can spare them the whole of it, and never know the difference.<br /><br />Then we have found him. Only the usurer remaining, he must be the Somebody whom we are looking for; he, and none other. But who is the usurer, and whence comes his power? There are three forms of usury: interest on money, rent of land and houses, and profit in exchange. Whoever is in receipt of any of these is a usurer. And who is not? Scarcely any one. The banker is a usurer; the manufacturer is a usurer; the merchant is a usurer; the landlord is a usurer; and the workingman who puts his savings, if he has any, out at interest, or takes rent for his house or lot, if he owns one, or exchanges his labor for more than an equivalent,—he, too, is a usurer. The sin of usury is one under which all are concluded and for which all are responsible. But all do not benefit by it. The vast majority suffer. Only the ablest usurers accumulate: in agricultural and thickly-settled countries, the landlords; in industrial and commercial countries, the bankers. These are the Somebodies who swallow up the surplus wealth.<br /><br />And where do the Somebodies get their power? From monopoly. Here, as usual, the State is the chief of sinners. Usury rests on two great monopolies,—the monopoly of land and the monopoly of credit. Were it not for these, it would disappear. Ground-rent exists only because the State stands by to collect it and to protect land-titles rooted in force or fraud. Otherwise the land would be free to all and no one could control more than used. Interest and house-rent exist only because the State grants to a certain class of individuals and corporations the exclusive privilege of using its credit and theirs as a basis for the issuance of circulating currency. Otherwise credit would be free to all, and money, brought under the law of competition, would be issued at cost. Interest and rent gone, competition would leave little or no chance for profit in exchange except in business protected by tariff or patent laws. And there again the State has but to step aside to cause the last vestige of usury to disappear.<br /><br />The usurer is the Somebody, and the State is his protector. Usury is the serpent gnawing at Labor's vitals, and only Liberty can detach and kill it. Give laborers their liberty, and they will keep their wealth; as for the Somebody, he, stripped of his power to steal, must either join their ranks or starve.</span><br /><br /></div><div align="left"><hr /></div><div align="left"><br />A portion of the report submitted to the public by a majority of the Westboro Reform School trustees concerning the recent investigation of the management of that institution, is indicative of the rapidity with which the sentiment of prudery is disappearing. We quote the passage referred to: "The trustees, with no less sincerity than the outside public, desire to avoid the necessity of corporal punishment, but they are satisfied that to boys of this character, addicted, as many of them are, to that secret vice which kills both body and soul, solitary confinement offers temptation and opportunity ; and this consideration has induced many thoughtful persons to consent to the occasional use of this form of punishment, which they consider less harmful than confinement." These words are notable because the report containing them is signed by three men and two women, as follows: Samuel R. Heywood, George W. Johnson, Anne B. Richardson, Elizabeth C. Putnam, Lyman Belknap; and, in a less general but more amusing sense, because the first-named gentleman, Mr. Samuel R. Heywood, is an eminently pious and proper deacon in a leading Orthodox church of Worcester, Mass., and a brother of the author of that now famous pamphlet, "Cupid’s Yokes," at whose plainness of speech on delicate topics in the past he has frequently expressed his disgust. Truly, the influence of the editor of the "Word" is making itself felt in an unexpected quarter.</div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left">What a wonderful achievement is the "Irish World" newspaper! Telling the most unpopular truths without reserve, it has, nevertheless, by the very energy of its earnestness, attained a circulation that places it high among the first journals of the world. Liberty is not always satisfied with it, and does not find it always consistent, but, all things considered, deems it the most potent agency for good now at work on this planet.</div><br /><br />Who says there is no hope for humanity when no a man than Judge B. R. Hoar of Concord, Hoar the haughty, Hoar the unbending, Hoar the stiff-necked, hitherto supposed to have lost all interest in his fellow-man, actually casts his eyes the ground to discover that a wretch in a Washington jail is being wronged, remembers that the most hated man in the world has rights that should be respected, and publicly protests against the official tyranny that is persecuting Guiteau, the assassin? The upstart district attorney of the District of Columbia, who issued the impudent order to the warden, directing Guiteau to be subjected to peculiar and unusual treatment while held to await the action of the grand jury, cannot feel altogether comfortable under the following rebuke from a former attorney-general of the United States: —"The warden is undoubtedly responsible for the safe custody of the prisoner, and should use all proper precautions against escape. But he has not yet been tried, or found guilty of any crime; and is, in view of the law, only held for trial. No man has a legal right to punish him until he has been tried and convicted, and then only by the punishment to which he is sentenced. To subject him to any privation or indignity not required for his safe-keeping is illegal, and should not escape condemnation because this poor wretch is the object of universal odium. If he has a friend or relative, or wishes to see a legal adviser, why should he not be allowed to see them? The district attorney is the officer who is to represent public justice in the prosecution of alleged criminals. What authority of law has he to 'direct' a jailer upon the subject of indulgences to be permitted to unconvicted prisoners?" Manly words, Judge Hoar ! Liberty thanks you for them.<br /><br />Governor O. M. Roberts of Texas is a man above his business. So high-minded a man ought not to be occupied in the contemptible employment of ruling others. In responding to the rather presumptuous request of Governor Foster of Ohio, that all the governors in the United States join in proclaiming a day of thanksgiving for the recovery of President Garfield, Governor Roberts said: "I do not deem it consistent with my position as governor to issue a proclamation directing religious services where the Church and State are, and ought to be, kept separate in their functions." We do not appreciate the governor's logic, there being no more reason for separating the Church from the State than for separating the post-office, the school, or the hospital from the State. Liberty requires that every institution be separated from the State until there shall be no State left But, despite his inconsistency, the governor’s position evinces a spirit of sincerity and conscientiousness very rare in officials, and commanding the warmest respect.<br /><br />Citizen George Francis Train, from his stamping-ground in Madison Square, notifies Premier Gladstone that, if he attempts to Herr Most O’Donovan Rossa, or "Freiheit" the "United Irishman," or touch "my Irish boys," he (G. F. T.) shall put on a few additional turns of the psycho twist. When the Pagan Dictator resumes the head Centreship, let Great Britain tremble! Dynamite is not a circumstance to psychology, and the peanut diet can see a glass bomb and go it several czars better, with an occasional Victoria thrown in.<br /><br />The president has too many doctors, and the doctors have too many interviewers. The people wish to know the truth from day to day, and the president needs the best of care. Neither are possible while the doctors are on their stilts before the country and the newspapers are besieging them. Let the doctors have peace at Washington, and let the best doctor have sole charge, even though Dr Bliss should disappear.<br /><br />Among ordinary political journals vest of the Mississippi, the "Virginia City Chronicle" generally takes the lead in liberality of spirit. With all the more sorrow, then, we chronicle the fact that its recent classification of John Brown with Booth and Guiteau as "America’s three noted assassins" is as villainous an outrage as was ever heaped upon a sacred memory.<br /><br />Gone from bad to worse,—the young woman of Chicago, who a fortnight ago loft a house of ill fame to join the church.<br /><p align="center">Et Tu, England!</p><p></p><p>England's treachery to Liberty by stabbing her in Johann Most’s person in an hour of trial, is thus fitly characterized by "Le Révolté": — </p><p>"Most is sentenced to sixteen months at hard labor." </p><p>Such is the news that has astounded the whole European press. Even the conservative journals of Switzerland regard this sentence as "too severe" for a press offence. For having dared to print what nine-tenths of Europe thought, what two-thirds of the English themselves have expressed in private conversation; for having had faith in the honesty of England, whose constitution was not designed as a trap, Most is condemned to climb for months over the paddles of a wheel, or undergo some other physical or moral torture not less odious and degrading. The scoundrels composing the governing classes of England, glad to find an opportunity of rendering a small service to Alexander or to William, to be paid for in ringing coin, have made haste to consign to prison the journalist who believed in their bottomless boasts of the liberty of the press. And those same hypocritical bigots, who but yesterday approved the execution of the Czar, or said that the proceedings against Most were without justification, will now bend before the judge’s decree, will discover that Most is a convict, and will not dare, cowards that they are, to breathe a word in protest, will not dare to rouse public opinion to reverse the judgment. Oh! if Most had opened the veins of a sultan hostile to England ; if he had massacred, one after another a few dozen of Afghan princes ; if he had chopped off the heads o’ a few hundred Indians in revolt against England’s yoke ; if he had foundered in mid-ocean, with cargo and crew, a vessel insured in an American company,— oh! then these same radicals and liberals would have gone all lengths to set him at liberty. But he approved the execution of a tyrant whose son promises not to march his soldiers against Merv. That is enough hue and cry against Most! But wait! The day is not far off when revolutionary socialism shall plant itself in your midst, as well as everywhere else, and then, be sure, you will pay dearly for this sentence. </p><p>Identity of Liberty and Justice</p><p>Labor Cutting It's Own Throat.</p><p>Crumbs from Liberty's Table</p><p>The Liberty of Parents</p><p align="center">The Penalty of Treason to Liberty.</p><p><span style="font-size:85%;">The spirit of liberty, say Elizabeth Cady Stanton, in whatever form it comes, whether as African, Chinese, Woman, Nihilist, Socialist, Communist, will assert itself and avenge its wrongs. Ariosto tells a pretty story of a fairy, who by some mysterious law of her nature was condemned to appear at certain seasons in the form of a foul and poisonous snake . Those who injured her in the period of her disguise were forever excluded from participation in the blessings which she bestowed in her power. But to those who, in spite of her loathsome aspect, pitied and protected her, she afterwards revealed herself in the beautiful and celestial form which was natural to her, accompanied their steps, granted all their wishes, filled their homes with wealth, made them happy in love and victorious in war. Such a spirit is liberty. At time, she takes the form of a hateful reptile. She <em>grovels</em>, she hisses, she stings. but woe to those who in disgust shall venture to crush her. And happy are those who, having dared to receive her in her degraded and frightful shape, shall at length be rewarded by her in the time of her beauty and glory.</span> </p><p>Game for the Fool-Killer.</p><p></p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7041378264143289461-2362970389544162132?l=travellinginliberty.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Shawn P. Wilburhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16464075094724874400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7041378264143289461.post-34482258725526759262006-12-21T11:25:00.000-08:002006-12-21T11:50:27.947-08:00Considering the importance of <em>Liberty</em>, both as the primary journal of the individualist anarchist tradition and as an important component of the larger debates about social issues in its time, it is a bit surprising how difficult it is to access. For those with access to a university or other large library, <a href="http://www.proquest.com/products_pq/descriptions/aps.shtml">Proquest's APS Online</a> database includes most of the run. John Zube's <a href="http://users.acenet.com.au/~jzube/app11-l.htm.htm">microfiche edition</a> is more complete, costs $27, and includes the either issues of Libertas (and you can order the <em>Radical Review</em> from John as well.) I tend to use both, relying primarily on Zube's edition for completeness, and often better image quality, and using the rather imperfect but still helpful "full text" searchability of the <em>APS Online</em> set to zero in on specific references. (There will probably be occasion to talk about specific instances where the errors in the searchable text effectively hide information from any but this sort of comprehensive search.)<br /><br />Along the way, I will be scanning or transcribing <em>some</em> of the material I'm reading, but I'm going to have to be selective. If there are others who are interested in contributing to a more complete archive of <em>Liberty</em> (and the <em>Radical Review</em>), I would welcome the assistance.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7041378264143289461-3448225872552675926?l=travellinginliberty.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Shawn P. Wilburhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16464075094724874400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7041378264143289461.post-73306427039287341502006-12-19T14:14:00.000-08:002006-12-19T15:59:33.424-08:00Between 1891 and 1908, Benjamin R. Tucker's published 403 issues of <em>Liberty</em>, almost certainly the most important individualist anarchist publication in English, and probably in any language.<br /><br />Tucker was a, perhaps <em>the</em>, key player in the second phase of individualist anarchism in the United States. He both continued and greatly modified the earlier mutualist projects of William Batchelder Greene and Josiah Warren. By the end of his career he had come to embrace a Stirneresque egois—apparently worlds away from the Saint-Simon-influenced Christian mutualism of Greene's early work or the Owenite origins of Warren's. Questions of continuity and development within the individualist anarchist tradition are extremely contentious, particularly among the wide range of market anarchists—ranging from fairly orthodox Proudhonian mutualists to "anarcho-capitalists" of various stripes—who claim connection to Tucker's work.<br /><br />There are real difficulties in coming to grips with the individualist anarchist theory that was worked out in the pages of <em>Liberty</em>. First of all, there was simply a lot of it, and there were a lot of forceful voices raised on issues that were already contentious before they were raised in those pages. It's also necessary to come to terms with the degree to which Tucker, and others, were committed controversialists and natural sectarians—and then to balance that in our understanding against the instances where Tucker, and others, tilted far off their "plumb line" axis to reach out to potential allies among liberals and capitalists.<br /><br />What I'm going to do in the posts here is to work my way through Liberty, covering as much of the material as I can by the end of 2007. I'll summarize issues, make commentary, scan key texts, develop a cumulative table of contents, track down related articles and scan them when possible and appropriate. I'll also try to include some coverage of the <em>Radical Review</em> and of Tucker's contributions to other periodicals like <em>The Index</em> and <em>The Word</em>.<br /><br />Thanks for reading. Solidarity and freedom,<br /><br />—Shawn P. Wilbur<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7041378264143289461-7330642703928734150?l=travellinginliberty.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Shawn P. Wilburhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16464075094724874400noreply@blogger.com0